Keju (Imperial Examination System)
Keju (Imperial Examination System) is a kind of examination system in ancient times, through which officials were examined and selected. It was first adopted in the Sui Dynasty (581-618) and lasted through the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). Intellectuals who wanted to be an official must take multi-tier examinations.
Formal imperial examinations consisted of three levels: provincial, metropolitan and final imperial examination.
The provincial examination was held triennially at the provincial city. Those admitted were called Juren (elevated men). The first place is called Jieyuan, the second, Yayuan.
The metropolitan examination was held in the following spring after the provincial examination at the Ministry of Rites in the capital. Those admitted were called Gongshi and the first place, Huiyuan.
The final imperial examination was under direct supervision of the emperor of the dynasty. Only Gongshi were qualified to take the exam. The matriculation had three levels of excellence. The first level was granted to three candidates, conferred Jinshi. The first three names set apart. The candidate ranking first was called Zhuangyuan (primus), the second, Bangyan, the third, Tanhua.
The second level was conferred the Jinshi status, the first place called Chuanlu. The third level was conferred the Jinshi status alike.
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2008年4月24日星期四
2008年4月10日星期四
LIVERPOOL 4-2 ARSENAL
LIVERPOOL 4-2 ARSENAL
Tuesday 08 April 2008 19:45 , Champions League Quarter Final (2)
News from liverpoolfc.tv
REDS INTO SEMIS AFTER GUNNERS WIN
Late goals from Steven Gerrard and Ryan Babel have sent Liverpool into the last four of the Champions League following a pulsating victory over Arsenal at Anfield.
The Reds had looked on the verge of a heartbreaking exit after Emmanuel Adebayor had made it 2-2 with just six minutes left to cancel out Fernando Torres' 69th minute wonder strike. But when substitute Babel was brought down for a penalty, Gerrard stepped up to coolly restore the home side's advantage before the Dutch forward raced through in injury-time to seal a 4-2 win on the night and a 5-3 victory on aggregate. Ahead of the match Gunners striker Emmanuel Adebayor had suggested the Arsenal players knew all about the Anfield atmosphere - how wrong he was. The wall of noise that greeted every one of the away side's touches in the early exchanges is not something you grow accustomed to during Carling Cup matches. But while the likes of Juventus and Chelsea (twice) were unnerved by the Reds' famous 12th man, Arsenal were inspired by it and made the kind of fast start that has so often been Liverpool's forte. Indeed, the away side were first to every loose ball, harrying the Reds midfield into mistakes and looking to release Emmanuel Adebayor at every opportunity. And so it was somewhat surprising that Liverpool were the first to make a chance of any real note, when Steven Gerrard's marauding run to the byline on eight minutes almost saw a re-enactment of the goal he manufactured so brilliantly at the Emirates. But this time Dirk Kuyt could not apply the same sort of clinical finish and the ball sailed harmlessly wide. It was a brief respite for Rafael Benitez's side who once again relinquished the impetus to Arsenal and on 13 minutes they paid the ultimate price. A period of sustained pressure ended with Mathieu Flamini cutting the Reds defence to pieces with a clinical through ball for Abou Diaby, who beat Pepe Reina at his near post with a low drive. The home side needed the famous atmosphere more than ever now, but as the half wore on it was Arsenal who continued to look more likely with two lightning breaks that first saw Emmanuel Eboue test Reina with a deflected volley, before the Spanish stopper had to be alert again, this time punching clear as Adebayor looked odds on to connect with Gael Clichy's searching cross. Liverpool's chances were restricted to long range efforts with Fabio Aurelio's opportunist volley from 20-yards the best the hosts could muster in the opening 25 minutes of the match. The Reds looked nervous and edgy and so the irony will not have been lost on Arsene Wenger, that on a night when the pre-match talk had centred around Liverpool's frailty at set-pieces, his own side were undone from a routine corner. A neat interchange between Aurelio and Steven Gerrard opened up Arsenal down the left and when the full-back's cross forced Manuel Almunia to palm it out of play, the crowd responded with a roar of approval. The message seemed to transmit onto the pitch as well as Gerrard's arcing set piece from the right was met by the imposing figure of Sami Hyypia, who celebrated the one-year extension to his contract penned earlier this week, with a bullet header that crashed in off the right-hand post. Needless to say, Anfield erupted and the tide turned in Liverpool's favour. If the first half an hour belonged to the Gunners, the final 15 minutes prior to the interval were the home side's as they looked to punish their opponents with the knockout blow of a second goal. It didn't materialise though, despite a good opportunity when Jamie Carragher's cross from the byline almost fell for Peter Crouch before Kuyt's follow up was deflected to safety by a desperate Arsenal defender. The Reds maintained the ascendancy into the second period and could have gone ahead within a minute of the restart when Peter Crouch latched onto a loose ball in the penalty area and hit a low strike that was well smothered by Almunia. There was definitely more belief about Liverpool's play and as they attacked the Kop end, they continued to threaten as a lung bursting run and cross from Fernando Torres ended with Aurelio's miss-hit shot deflecting narrowly wide off the outstretched leg of Crouch. The 12th man was playing its part too, as renditions of 'Oh Campione,' 'Fields of Anfield Road' and the new ditty paying homage to Fernando Torres echoed into the night sky, but despite forcing a chink in the Arsenal armour, it could not inspire a second Reds goal. For all Liverpool's possession they still had to be wary of the Gunners' threat on the counter attack, a fact further underlined when Emmanuel Eboue escaped the attentions of the home side's defence to fire a warning shot into the side netting on 62 minutes. The tie was balanced on a knife edge and it is on such occasions that players of breathtaking genius showcase the most precocious of talents. Again the crowd looked towards El Nino and once again it was the boy from sunny Spain who delivered. A long kick from Pepe Reina was flicked on by Crouch and when Torres took control in the penalty area, he turned his man brilliantly before curling a magnificent shot into the top right-hand corner. It was goal 29 for the season and arguably his most important. With time running out Arsenal threw caution to the wind, and Wenger brought on both Robin Van Persie and Theo Walcott. It looked like Liverpool would hold on for the 2-1 victory but with six minutes remaining the young England international made the sort of impact his manager was looking for. It was his surging run from the edge of his own area that carved Liverpool open down their left and when he crossed low into the area Adebayor was on hand to steer in the equaliser. Anfield was stunned and the semi-finals beckoned for Arsenal. But the Reds still had hope and little did we know that one of Benitez's substitutions would pay dividends in a similar manner, with Ryan Babel winning a penalty just two minutes later after being tumbled in the area by Kolo Toure. Steven Gerrard held his nerve to send the Kop into raptures and become the first Liverpool player in history to net in four successive home European matches, before Babel capped another incredible night with an injury-time strike reminiscent of the one that saw David Fairclough immortalise his name in Anfield folklore way back in 1977. Liverpoolfc.tv Man of the Match: Dirk Kuyt
TeamsLiverpool: Reina, Aurelio, Hyypia, Skrtel, Carragher, Gerrard (c), Alonso, Mascherano, Kuyt, Crouch, Torres. Subs - Arbeloa, Babel, Benayoun, Itandje, Leiva, Riise, VoroninArsenal: Almunia, Clichy, Gallas (c), Senderos, Toure, Diaby, Fabregas, Flamini, Eboue, Adebayor, Hleb. Subs - Bendtner, Hoyte, Lehmann, Song, Walcott, van Persie, Referee: Frojdfeldt Peter (Swe)Conditions: Attendance: Liverpoolfc.tv Man-of-the-Match: Dirk Kuyt Breakdown18:46 GMT : Match Starts1 min : Arsenal get the game underway2 mins : The visitors waste a free-kick in a great position. The referee showing early signs of being a bit of a tool4 mins : The ref runs dramatically over to Gallas after a soft foul on Torres5 mins : Oh no...Adebayor through...offside. Rafa is not happy6 mins : The Gunners have started on the front foot6 mins : Great challenge from Sami7 mins : Arsenal corner...8 mins : ...it's too long and Aurelio heads clear. Liverpool are going to have to be better at defending set pieces than in the last few weeks9 mins : At last the Reds have some possession9 mins : Gerrard through down the right...crosses for Kuyt. He can't get a decent connection.10 mins : Spare a thought for those Liverpool fans stuck on the M6213 mins : GOAL! Abou Diaby: Arsenal take a deserved lead. Anfield is stunned16 mins : First Booking: Philippe Senderos:17 mins : Reina saves from Eboue after Liverpool fail to make the most of a promising free kick17 mins : Reina saves from Eboue after Liverpool fail to make the most of a promising free kick18 mins : This has not been a good start by the home side. Come on Redmen21 mins : Reina forced to make a last-ditch punch clear. This is horrible24 mins : Carra crosses...cleared...comes to Gerrard...he volleys over. More like it...26 mins : Kuyt goes down in the box. Big shouts. Ref says no - and he's right27 mins : Torres through but his touch lets him down. Anfield has come back to life28 mins : Stevie loses the ball30 mins : Gerrard and Aurelio work their way through...the Brazilian crosses...poor clearance from Almunia...corner30 mins : GOAL! Sami Hyypia: OH MY GOD. I LOVE YOU SAMI!!!!!!!!!!!!!1133 mins : What drama. It's now all Liverpool. Anfield is as loud as it's ever been and we all love Sami...35 mins : Gerrard thunders one just wide37 mins : Brilliant tackle from Xabi...then the same from Dirk. This is how we should have started the game38 mins : Gerrard and Fabio come over for some water and words of wisdom while Flamini gets treatment. It looks serious40 mins : He's going to have to come off41 mins : Alonso is spraying some Alonso-esque passes - he's been Liverpool's man of the match so far42 mins : Substitution: Gilberto for Mathieu Flamini: Looks like his Achilles44 mins : Amazing tackle by Aurelio but it's an Arsenal corner44 mins : Torres of all people heads clear19:33 GMT : Half Time Reached19:48 GMT : Second Half Begins46 mins : Liverpool get the second half started46 mins : Torres bursts down the left...it comes to Xabi on the edge of the box...gives it to Crouch but his shot is saved48 mins : Great tackle Fabio48 mins : Arsenal have yet to recover from the goal, it seems49 mins : LFC corner - Kop end49 mins : Comes to nothing - then Crouch is accused of pushing50 mins : Great battling from Dirk. Top class, son51 mins : The difference between now and the first 20 minutes is that now Liverpool are first to every ball52 mins : Kuyt is down with a nosebleed53 mins : Torres through down the right...his cross comes out to Fabio...shoots. Oh no it hits Crouch and goes hide54 mins : Skrtel commits a beautiful foul to deny Adebayor the chance to get clear. Subtlty, grace - it had everything55 mins : Fabio gets a round of applause for keeping Eboue in his pocket58 mins : Brilliant tackle again from Martin60 mins : Liverpool are enjoying all the possession right now but they have to make it count63 mins : Eboue could be through here...hits the side netting64 mins : The attendance is 41,985 - the capacity at CL games because UEFA puts bigger advertising hoardings up which block the view from some of the front row seats - thus those seats can't be sold. Anyway...65 mins : Rafa is going to make a change66 mins : Or maybe not68 mins : What a tackle by Masch - and the ref gives a free-kick in a dangerous area. Mistake68 mins : Cleared69 mins : GOAL! Fernando Torres: Senderos let Fernando turn. You just don't do that. Da da da da da der der der!!!73 mins : Substitution: Theo Walcott for Emmanuel Eboue:73 mins : Substitution: Robin van Persie for Abou Diaby:73 mins : Golden opportunity for Adebayor. Nine times out of 10 he scores but when it mattered most he spooned it wide75 mins : Torres wins a corner75 mins : Hyypia heads wide77 mins : Babel is preparing to come on78 mins : Substitution: Ryan Babel for Peter Crouch:79 mins : Almunia punches away Gerrard corner. Reds on top82 mins : Kuyt feeds Stevie on the edge of the box...just over84 mins : GOAL! Emmanuel Adebayor:85 mins : Penalty Scored! Steven Gerrard:87 mins : Substitution: John Arne Riise for Fernando Torres:90 mins : Substitution: Alvaro Arbeloa for Dirk Kuyt:90 mins : GOAL! Ryan Babel:20:37 GMT : Match Over
Tuesday 08 April 2008 19:45 , Champions League Quarter Final (2)
News from liverpoolfc.tv
REDS INTO SEMIS AFTER GUNNERS WIN
Late goals from Steven Gerrard and Ryan Babel have sent Liverpool into the last four of the Champions League following a pulsating victory over Arsenal at Anfield.
The Reds had looked on the verge of a heartbreaking exit after Emmanuel Adebayor had made it 2-2 with just six minutes left to cancel out Fernando Torres' 69th minute wonder strike. But when substitute Babel was brought down for a penalty, Gerrard stepped up to coolly restore the home side's advantage before the Dutch forward raced through in injury-time to seal a 4-2 win on the night and a 5-3 victory on aggregate. Ahead of the match Gunners striker Emmanuel Adebayor had suggested the Arsenal players knew all about the Anfield atmosphere - how wrong he was. The wall of noise that greeted every one of the away side's touches in the early exchanges is not something you grow accustomed to during Carling Cup matches. But while the likes of Juventus and Chelsea (twice) were unnerved by the Reds' famous 12th man, Arsenal were inspired by it and made the kind of fast start that has so often been Liverpool's forte. Indeed, the away side were first to every loose ball, harrying the Reds midfield into mistakes and looking to release Emmanuel Adebayor at every opportunity. And so it was somewhat surprising that Liverpool were the first to make a chance of any real note, when Steven Gerrard's marauding run to the byline on eight minutes almost saw a re-enactment of the goal he manufactured so brilliantly at the Emirates. But this time Dirk Kuyt could not apply the same sort of clinical finish and the ball sailed harmlessly wide. It was a brief respite for Rafael Benitez's side who once again relinquished the impetus to Arsenal and on 13 minutes they paid the ultimate price. A period of sustained pressure ended with Mathieu Flamini cutting the Reds defence to pieces with a clinical through ball for Abou Diaby, who beat Pepe Reina at his near post with a low drive. The home side needed the famous atmosphere more than ever now, but as the half wore on it was Arsenal who continued to look more likely with two lightning breaks that first saw Emmanuel Eboue test Reina with a deflected volley, before the Spanish stopper had to be alert again, this time punching clear as Adebayor looked odds on to connect with Gael Clichy's searching cross. Liverpool's chances were restricted to long range efforts with Fabio Aurelio's opportunist volley from 20-yards the best the hosts could muster in the opening 25 minutes of the match. The Reds looked nervous and edgy and so the irony will not have been lost on Arsene Wenger, that on a night when the pre-match talk had centred around Liverpool's frailty at set-pieces, his own side were undone from a routine corner. A neat interchange between Aurelio and Steven Gerrard opened up Arsenal down the left and when the full-back's cross forced Manuel Almunia to palm it out of play, the crowd responded with a roar of approval. The message seemed to transmit onto the pitch as well as Gerrard's arcing set piece from the right was met by the imposing figure of Sami Hyypia, who celebrated the one-year extension to his contract penned earlier this week, with a bullet header that crashed in off the right-hand post. Needless to say, Anfield erupted and the tide turned in Liverpool's favour. If the first half an hour belonged to the Gunners, the final 15 minutes prior to the interval were the home side's as they looked to punish their opponents with the knockout blow of a second goal. It didn't materialise though, despite a good opportunity when Jamie Carragher's cross from the byline almost fell for Peter Crouch before Kuyt's follow up was deflected to safety by a desperate Arsenal defender. The Reds maintained the ascendancy into the second period and could have gone ahead within a minute of the restart when Peter Crouch latched onto a loose ball in the penalty area and hit a low strike that was well smothered by Almunia. There was definitely more belief about Liverpool's play and as they attacked the Kop end, they continued to threaten as a lung bursting run and cross from Fernando Torres ended with Aurelio's miss-hit shot deflecting narrowly wide off the outstretched leg of Crouch. The 12th man was playing its part too, as renditions of 'Oh Campione,' 'Fields of Anfield Road' and the new ditty paying homage to Fernando Torres echoed into the night sky, but despite forcing a chink in the Arsenal armour, it could not inspire a second Reds goal. For all Liverpool's possession they still had to be wary of the Gunners' threat on the counter attack, a fact further underlined when Emmanuel Eboue escaped the attentions of the home side's defence to fire a warning shot into the side netting on 62 minutes. The tie was balanced on a knife edge and it is on such occasions that players of breathtaking genius showcase the most precocious of talents. Again the crowd looked towards El Nino and once again it was the boy from sunny Spain who delivered. A long kick from Pepe Reina was flicked on by Crouch and when Torres took control in the penalty area, he turned his man brilliantly before curling a magnificent shot into the top right-hand corner. It was goal 29 for the season and arguably his most important. With time running out Arsenal threw caution to the wind, and Wenger brought on both Robin Van Persie and Theo Walcott. It looked like Liverpool would hold on for the 2-1 victory but with six minutes remaining the young England international made the sort of impact his manager was looking for. It was his surging run from the edge of his own area that carved Liverpool open down their left and when he crossed low into the area Adebayor was on hand to steer in the equaliser. Anfield was stunned and the semi-finals beckoned for Arsenal. But the Reds still had hope and little did we know that one of Benitez's substitutions would pay dividends in a similar manner, with Ryan Babel winning a penalty just two minutes later after being tumbled in the area by Kolo Toure. Steven Gerrard held his nerve to send the Kop into raptures and become the first Liverpool player in history to net in four successive home European matches, before Babel capped another incredible night with an injury-time strike reminiscent of the one that saw David Fairclough immortalise his name in Anfield folklore way back in 1977. Liverpoolfc.tv Man of the Match: Dirk Kuyt
TeamsLiverpool: Reina, Aurelio, Hyypia, Skrtel, Carragher, Gerrard (c), Alonso, Mascherano, Kuyt, Crouch, Torres. Subs - Arbeloa, Babel, Benayoun, Itandje, Leiva, Riise, VoroninArsenal: Almunia, Clichy, Gallas (c), Senderos, Toure, Diaby, Fabregas, Flamini, Eboue, Adebayor, Hleb. Subs - Bendtner, Hoyte, Lehmann, Song, Walcott, van Persie, Referee: Frojdfeldt Peter (Swe)Conditions: Attendance: Liverpoolfc.tv Man-of-the-Match: Dirk Kuyt Breakdown18:46 GMT : Match Starts1 min : Arsenal get the game underway2 mins : The visitors waste a free-kick in a great position. The referee showing early signs of being a bit of a tool4 mins : The ref runs dramatically over to Gallas after a soft foul on Torres5 mins : Oh no...Adebayor through...offside. Rafa is not happy6 mins : The Gunners have started on the front foot6 mins : Great challenge from Sami7 mins : Arsenal corner...8 mins : ...it's too long and Aurelio heads clear. Liverpool are going to have to be better at defending set pieces than in the last few weeks9 mins : At last the Reds have some possession9 mins : Gerrard through down the right...crosses for Kuyt. He can't get a decent connection.10 mins : Spare a thought for those Liverpool fans stuck on the M6213 mins : GOAL! Abou Diaby: Arsenal take a deserved lead. Anfield is stunned16 mins : First Booking: Philippe Senderos:17 mins : Reina saves from Eboue after Liverpool fail to make the most of a promising free kick17 mins : Reina saves from Eboue after Liverpool fail to make the most of a promising free kick18 mins : This has not been a good start by the home side. Come on Redmen21 mins : Reina forced to make a last-ditch punch clear. This is horrible24 mins : Carra crosses...cleared...comes to Gerrard...he volleys over. More like it...26 mins : Kuyt goes down in the box. Big shouts. Ref says no - and he's right27 mins : Torres through but his touch lets him down. Anfield has come back to life28 mins : Stevie loses the ball30 mins : Gerrard and Aurelio work their way through...the Brazilian crosses...poor clearance from Almunia...corner30 mins : GOAL! Sami Hyypia: OH MY GOD. I LOVE YOU SAMI!!!!!!!!!!!!!1133 mins : What drama. It's now all Liverpool. Anfield is as loud as it's ever been and we all love Sami...35 mins : Gerrard thunders one just wide37 mins : Brilliant tackle from Xabi...then the same from Dirk. This is how we should have started the game38 mins : Gerrard and Fabio come over for some water and words of wisdom while Flamini gets treatment. It looks serious40 mins : He's going to have to come off41 mins : Alonso is spraying some Alonso-esque passes - he's been Liverpool's man of the match so far42 mins : Substitution: Gilberto for Mathieu Flamini: Looks like his Achilles44 mins : Amazing tackle by Aurelio but it's an Arsenal corner44 mins : Torres of all people heads clear19:33 GMT : Half Time Reached19:48 GMT : Second Half Begins46 mins : Liverpool get the second half started46 mins : Torres bursts down the left...it comes to Xabi on the edge of the box...gives it to Crouch but his shot is saved48 mins : Great tackle Fabio48 mins : Arsenal have yet to recover from the goal, it seems49 mins : LFC corner - Kop end49 mins : Comes to nothing - then Crouch is accused of pushing50 mins : Great battling from Dirk. Top class, son51 mins : The difference between now and the first 20 minutes is that now Liverpool are first to every ball52 mins : Kuyt is down with a nosebleed53 mins : Torres through down the right...his cross comes out to Fabio...shoots. Oh no it hits Crouch and goes hide54 mins : Skrtel commits a beautiful foul to deny Adebayor the chance to get clear. Subtlty, grace - it had everything55 mins : Fabio gets a round of applause for keeping Eboue in his pocket58 mins : Brilliant tackle again from Martin60 mins : Liverpool are enjoying all the possession right now but they have to make it count63 mins : Eboue could be through here...hits the side netting64 mins : The attendance is 41,985 - the capacity at CL games because UEFA puts bigger advertising hoardings up which block the view from some of the front row seats - thus those seats can't be sold. Anyway...65 mins : Rafa is going to make a change66 mins : Or maybe not68 mins : What a tackle by Masch - and the ref gives a free-kick in a dangerous area. Mistake68 mins : Cleared69 mins : GOAL! Fernando Torres: Senderos let Fernando turn. You just don't do that. Da da da da da der der der!!!73 mins : Substitution: Theo Walcott for Emmanuel Eboue:73 mins : Substitution: Robin van Persie for Abou Diaby:73 mins : Golden opportunity for Adebayor. Nine times out of 10 he scores but when it mattered most he spooned it wide75 mins : Torres wins a corner75 mins : Hyypia heads wide77 mins : Babel is preparing to come on78 mins : Substitution: Ryan Babel for Peter Crouch:79 mins : Almunia punches away Gerrard corner. Reds on top82 mins : Kuyt feeds Stevie on the edge of the box...just over84 mins : GOAL! Emmanuel Adebayor:85 mins : Penalty Scored! Steven Gerrard:87 mins : Substitution: John Arne Riise for Fernando Torres:90 mins : Substitution: Alvaro Arbeloa for Dirk Kuyt:90 mins : GOAL! Ryan Babel:20:37 GMT : Match Over
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